If resetting your Networks Settings doesn't work, the Apple forums suggest enabling Airplane mode for 30 seconds to return to Visual Voicemail. I have personally experienced the "Call Voicemail" issue every time I have updated to the newest iOS 11 beta and reboot my phone. After two attempts, the Airplane suggestion worked and returned my Voicemail back to normal, where I can read a transcript or listen to an individual voicemail directly from my iPhone. Here's how to quickly enable and disable Airplane mode: Swipe up from the bottom of your display anywhere on the Home screen. Tap the airplane icon. Wait 30 seconds then tap the airplane icon again.
1. Activate your phone. First things first – before you can set up your voicemail, you’ll need to activate your device. If you haven’t done so already, our activation page will walk you through those steps.

Your network can be the culprit causing the issue for the application. Sometimes, the network can be blocking the application usage for your phone. Several users solved this issue by resetting their network settings. Resetting network settings will renew all the information related to the network that you are using on your phone. You can reset the network settings by following the steps below:
If your carrier supports the iPhone voicemail feature, you can retrieve and listen to your voicemail right from within the “Phone” app and call your contacts back by simply tapping their messages. That type of functionality is pretty neat and useful, because it saves you actual time. If not supported by your carrier, you will not be able to see the visual overview of your voicemail inbox and use any of the related features. Tapping the “Voicemail” tab in your “Phone” app will simply call the number associated with your voicemail box. So let’s get going with creating our custom voicemail greeting on iPhone! How to record your own Voicemail on iPhone Phone → Voicemail → Greeting → Custom → Record → Save